WordNet-Affect

Affective (emotional) labels that are hierarchically 🧾 organised based on WordNet synsets.

WordNet-Affect summary

Composition:

• Approximately 1.5k n-gram lexicons

• Extensively and granularly covers emotional concepts

• Multi-Class Multi-Label scheme with nearly 300 labels (note that it is more of a within-class under four labels, negative, positive, neutral and ambiguous)

Creation Methodology:

• Began with an initial set of affective adjectives, expanded by adding correlated nouns, verbs and adverbs to form the ‘Affect’ dictionary

• Expanded ‘Affect’ into ‘Affective-Core’ by adding WordNet synsets containing at least one of the ‘Affect’ terms.

• Extended ‘Affective-Core’ into ‘‘WordNet-Affect’ by applying WordNet relations

Evaluation: While the affective labels (‘a-labels’) were inspired by theories and categories from the works of Ortony et al. (1987), Elliot (1992), and Ekman (1992), the process of assigning these labels to synset relied on the subjective intuition of the authors without a rigorous methodology. This means the resulting labelled lexicons may have uncertain accuracy and consistency, as the labelling lacked concrete verification through further evaluation.

Usage Guidance: Enriches text analysis tasks by providing a granular emotional dimension. Useful for psychology and mental health. Access processed dictionary via sentibank.archive.load().dict(“WordNet_Affect_v2006”)

📋 Introduction

Early research on organising emotion words focused on determining which terms genuinely represent emotions, in the belief that ‘it is possible to infer emotion properties from the emotion words’ (D’Urso and Trentin, 1998, cited in Valitutti, Strapparava and Stock, 2004). Most of the time, emotion words are collected from different sources of text (i.e dictionary or newspaper) and a set of affective dimensions were extracted using techniques such as factorial analysis.

According to Strapparava and Valitutti (2004), such an approach was insufficient. Strapparava and Valitutti (2004) highlighted a problem outlined by Watson and Tellegen (1985) that two sentiment dimensions - Arousal (‘excited & tense’ versus ‘relaxed & sleepy’) and Valence (‘happy & glad’ versus ‘sad & upset’) - are simply not sufficient to individuate the whole spectrum of emotional concepts. Moreover, the techniques used to extract sentiments do not allow us to distinguish different senses of the same word. For example, the word “surprise” may refer to a feeling (the astonishment you feel when something totally unexpected happens to you), to an event (a sudden unexpected event), or to an action (the act of surprising someone).

Motivated by the limitations described, Strapparava and Valitutti (2004) constructed WordNet-Affect by selecting and labelling WordNet synsets. Comprehending the fundamental principles of WordNet synsets is therefore crucial before delving into how the WordNet_Affect lexicon was developed.

WordNet’s synsets

Developed at Princeton University by George Miller (Miller, 1995; Fellbaum, 1998), WordNet provides a large amount of conceptual distinctions through synsets. Synset is simply a group of words (“synonyms”) that are considered semantically equivalent - words that denote the same concept and are interchangeable in many contexts (Fellbaum, 2005; WordNet, n.d)^[1].

Each synset is labelled with a part-of-speech tag denoting its primary word type: Noun, Verb, Adjective, and Adverb. According to Valitutti, Strapparava and Stock (2004), classifying under these four primary tags is ‘consistent with the psycholinguistic evidence that nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are independently organised in human semantic memory’.

While a synset may contain mixed parts-of-speech in its set of cognitive synonyms, the POS tag indicates the predominant type. For example, a synset = [‘house#n#1’, ‘home#n#1’, ‘household#n#1’, ‘menage#n#1’, and ‘home#v#1’] is classified as a noun synset, even though such a synset contains a verb ‘home’ (as a verb meaning to provide with, or send to, a home).

📚 Original Dictionary

ver.2004

The structure of WordNet-Affect drew influence from WordNet-Domain (Magnini & Cavaglia, 2000), a dictionary where synsets are annotated with at least one domain label (e.g. politics) selected from approximately 200 hierarchically organised options. Similarly, WordNet-Affect utilises a hierarchical structure of affective domain labels assigned to synsets. Strapparava and Valitutti (2004) and Valitutti, Strapparava and Stock (2004) labelled synsets by the following two steps: 1. Identification of Affective-Core; and 2. Expanding Affective-Core with WordNet.

1. Identification of Affective-Core Dictionary

The initial ‘Affect’ dictionary was created by manually compiling an initial set of 517 affective adjectives. This was expanded by adding 539 nouns, 238 verbs, and 15 adverbs that were intuitively correlated with the adjectives, resulting in 1,903 terms related to mental and emotional states.

Following theories of emotion representation^[2], affective attribute labels (‘a-labels’) were assigned to each lexicon entry, drawing information from psychology resources on emotions including works by Ortony et al. (1987), Elliot (1992), and Ekman (1992). Any remaining unspecified information was labelled intuitively. The complete list of ‘a-labels’ is as follows:

a-Label	Description	Examples
EMOTION (emo)	The only pure emotional synsets, directly referring to emotional states and processes	noun “anger#1”, verb “fear#1”
MOOD (moo)	Affective, but not emotional, synsets	noun “animosity#1”, adjective “amiable#1”
TRAIT (tra)	Traits that influence attitude to have affective relations to events	noun “aggressiveness#1”, adjective “competitive#1”
COGNITIVE STATE (cog)	Cognitive states that are often related to affect, but form a distinct category	noun “confusion#2”, adjective “dazed#2”
PHYSICAL STATE (phy)	Physical states that are often related to affect, but form a distinct category	noun “illness#1”, adjective “all_in#1”
EDONIC SIGNAL (eds)	Two affective state, Pleasure and Pain	noun “hurt#3”, noun “suffering#4”
EMOTION-ELICITING SITUATION(sit)	The causes of emotional states, which may be events and behaviours	noun “awkwardness#3”, adjective “out_of_danger#1”
EMOTIONAL RESPONSE(res)	The consequences of emotions, which may consist of behaviours, somatic changes or facial expressions	noun “cold_sweat#1”, verb “tremble#2”
BEHAVIOUR(beh)	Behaviours that are either causes or effect of affective states	noun “offense#1”, adjective “inhibited#1”
ATTITUDE(att)	Complex mental states involving beliefs, feelings, values and dispositions to act in a certain ways	noun “intolerance#1”, noun “defensive#1”
SENSATION(sen)	An unelaborated elementary awareness of simulation	noun “coldness#1”, verb “feel#3”

The authors then expanded the 1,903 ‘Affect’ lexicon entries by selecting WordNet synsets containing at least one term from the ‘Affect’ dictionary (excluding any non-emotional synsets). They evaluated the coherence of the affective information by checking for synonyms with incompatible values, finding the synsets effectively represented affective concepts. This expanded dictionary was termed the ‘Affective-Core’.

2. Expanding Affective-Core Dictionary with WordNet

The ‘Affective-Core’ dictionary was further extended by applying all existing WordNet relations to its lexicons, including both lexical (between words) and semantic (between synsets) relations. Strapparava and Valitutti (2004) and Valitutti, Strapparava and Stock (2004) examined whether each relation preserved affective meaning, and revealed relations that reliably preserved affective meaning - antonymy, similarity, derived-from, pertains-to, attribute and also-see - while some relations only partially preserved affective meanings - hyperonymy, entailment, causes and verb-group. The number of WordNet relations obtained is as follows (note that the relations gathered by SV (2004) were later refined and revised by Valitutti, Strapparava and Stock (2004)):

Strapparava and Valitutti (2004)	#Nouns	#Adjectives	#Verbs	#Adverbs	#Total
similar-to	-	573	-	-	573
antonym	57	83	23	6	169
pertains-to (direct)	2	-	-	-	2
pertains-to (inverse)	-	16	-	-	16
derived-from (direct)	-	12	-	-	12
derived-from (inverse)	-	-	-	308	308
also-see	-	138	11	-	149
attribute	-	38	-	-	38
is-value-of	30	-	-	-	30
Total	89	860	34	314	1297

Valitutti, Strapparava and Stock (2004)	#Nouns	#Adjectives	#Verbs	#Adverbs	#Total
similar-to	-	668	-	-	668
antonym	64	106	23	6	199
pertains-to (direct)	-	2	-	-	2
pertains-to (inverse)	16	-	-	-	16
derived-from (direct)	-	-	-	12	12
derived-from (inverse)	-	308	-	-	308
also-see	-	148	11	0	159
attribute	38	-	-	-	38
is-value-of	-	30	-	-	30

Both studies manually filtered relations before inclusion in the final ‘WordNet-Affect’ dictionary. The composition of the revised WordNet-Affect is as shown:

Strapparava and Valitutti (2004)	#Nouns	#Adjectives	#Verbs	#Adverbs	#Total
Synsets	763	1462	322	327	2874
Words	1285	2293	657	552	4787

Valitutti, Strapparava and Stock (2004)	#Nouns	#Adjectives	#Verbs	#Adverbs	#Total
Synsets	535	557	200	22	1314
Words	1336	1472	592	40	3340

ver.2006

Building upon the existing WordNet-Affect dictionary, Strapparava, Valitutti and Stock (2006) further developed it by adding more specialised labelling to synsets categorised with the ‘a-label’ EMOTION. For synsets labelled with the broad EMOTION tag, they defined four additional sub-labels: POSITIVE, NEGATIVE, AMBIGUOUS, and NEUTRAL. These were used to indicate the valence of the emotional synset - whether it conveyed a positive emotion like joy, a negative one like anger, a vague or unclear one, or a neutral emotional state. By breaking down the broad EMOTION label into these more specific valence-based categories, Strapparava, Valitutti and Stock (2006) enabled more nuanced semantic analysis and representation of the emotional content in text through the WordNet-Affect resource. The addition of the four labels to EMOTION synsets thus represented a valuable advancement in the continued enrichment of the WordNet-Affect for affect sensing applications.

	Positive	Negative	Ambiguous	Neutral	Total
Synsets	97	156	20	7	280

In short, Strapparava, Valitutti and Stock (2006) further developed WordNet-Affect by adding more granular labels of emotion valence to synsets initially identified as conveying emotion.

from sentibank import archive 

load = archive.load()
WN_Affect = load.origin("WordNet-Affect_v2006")

WordNet-Affect (Strapparava and Valitutti, 2004; Valitutti, Strapparava and Stock, 2004; Strapparava, Valitutti and Stock, 2006)

Part of Speech	Synset	Emotion
Loading... (need help?)

🧹 Processed Dictionary

First-Pass Processing

Checking Label Alignment

The attribute labels in the noun-synsets (‘a-synsets.xml’) were checked for alignment with the attribute hierarchy (‘a-hierarchy.xml’). It was unnecessary to check attribute labels for verb-, adjective- and adverb-synsets, as these synsets were semantically linked with appropriate noun synsets. Three noun synset labels -joy-pride, levity-gaiety, and general-gaiety- did not exist in the hierarchy. These non-existing labels were substituted with the closest matches: joy-pride became satisfaction-pride, levity-gaiety became playfulness, and general-gaiety became merriment.

Multi-Label Inheritance

While each synset was originally labelled with one attribute, multiple inherited attributes can be traced in the sentiment hierarchy. For instance, peace belongs to tranquillity, which belongs to calmness, which finally belongs to positive-emotion. Thus, synset ‘peace’ inherits multi-labels [peace, tranquillity, calmness, positive-emotion]. All synsets with original label peace will inherit these sentiment labels.

Re-labelling Multi-Synset Words

There are four major attribute categories: positive-emotion, negative-emotion, ambiguous-emotion, and neutral-emotion. Often, a word appears in multiple synsets with different attribute categories. And for these multi-synset words, four cases were considered and re-labelled: (i) Contradictory Emotions; (ii) Common Emotions; (iii) Equivocal Emotions; and (iv) Identical Emotions.

1. Contradictory Emotions: Words included in synsets with contradictory sentiment labels were reclassified as having ambiguous emotion. For example, “suspense” appeared in synsets n#05583536 and n#05592642, labelled as positive-suspense and negative-suspense respectively. Therefore, “suspense” was relabeled as ambiguous-emotion.

2. Common Emotions: Words included in synsets conveying similar sentiments were traced to their common parent emotion in the attribute hierarchy. For instance, “sorrow” occurred in synsets n#05602279 and n#05601413, tagged with regret-sorrow and lost-sorrow. Both synsets share the parent emotion sorrow in the hierarchy. And thus, “sorrow” was labelled as [negative-emotion, sadness, sorrow].

3. Equivocal Emotions: Words included in multiple synsets were labelled as ambiguous or neutral emotion if they appeared in both a positive/negative synset and an ambiguous/neutral synset. For example, “languor” was found in synset n#05563906 linked to neutral-languor and n#05587782 linked to positive-languor. Since “languor” occurred in both a neutral and a positive synset, it was tagged with the more conservative neutral-emotion label rather than positive-emotion. In general, if a word was included in an ambiguous or neutral synset, it was marked with an ambiguous or neutral emotion tag.

4. Identical Emotions: Words labelled with identical sets of emotions were trivially labelled with such sets.

In summary: (i) 4 noun-, 1 adjective-, and 2 verb-synsets had contradictory sets of labels; (ii) 15 noun-, 48 adjective-, 18 verb-, and 1 adverb-synsets had a common set of labels; (iii) 4 noun-, 1 adjective-, and 5 verb-synsets had an equivocal set of labels; and (iv) 1 noun-, 40 adjective-, 23 verb-, and 8 adverb-synsets had an identical set of labels. Table below shows the entire set of lexicons appeared in multiple synsets^[3]:

	Contradictory Emotions	Common Emotions	Equivocal Emotions	Identical Emotions
Noun	‘suspense’, ‘tenderness’, ‘concern’, ‘chill’	‘sorrow’, ‘intimidation’, ‘horror’, ‘glee’, ‘gaiety’, ‘indifference’, ‘uneasiness’, ‘fear’, ‘thrill’, ‘awe’, ‘ardor’, ‘ardour’, ‘dismay’, ‘fondness’, ‘warmheartedness’	‘languor’, ‘hope’, ‘phlegm’, ‘admiration’	‘pride’
Adjective	‘caring’	‘misanthropic’, ‘hideous’, ‘embarrassed’, ‘vexing’, ‘frustrated’, ‘misanthropical’, ‘blue’, ‘upset’, ‘discouraging’, ‘miserable’, ‘self-satisfied’, ‘afraid’, ‘discouraged’, ‘shamed’, ‘calm’, ‘hangdog’, ‘contrite’, ‘frightful’, ‘elated’, ‘dispiriting’, ‘distressed’, ‘malevolent’, ‘tranquil’, ‘wretched’, ‘loathsome’, ‘merry’, ‘anxious’, ‘shy’, ‘exhilarating’, ‘sorry’, ‘jubilant’, ‘happy’, ‘stunned’, ‘mortifying’, ‘discomfited’, ‘nervous’, ‘astonishing’, ‘sympathetic’, ‘covetous’, ‘gay’, ‘mournful’, ‘diffident’, ‘frightened’, ‘terrible’, ‘apathetic’, ‘fearful’, ‘envious’, ‘unhappy’	‘awful’	‘depressing’, ‘forlorn’, ‘amorous’, ‘hostile’, ‘disgraceful’, ‘calming’, ‘timid’, ‘woeful’, ‘glad’, ‘satisfying’, ‘stupefying’, ‘captivated’, ‘shamefaced’, ‘fearless’, ‘dismal’, ‘shameful’, ‘oppressed’, ‘awed’, ‘tender’, ‘embarrassing’, ‘content(p)’, ‘repulsive’, ‘cool’, ‘charmed’, ‘apprehensive’, ‘unfriendly’, ‘annoyed’, ‘sad’, ‘admirable’, ‘compassionate’, ‘grim’, ‘indifferent’, ‘gloomy’, ‘jealous’, ‘pensive’, ‘stupefied’, ‘joyful’, ‘horrific’, ‘alienated’, ‘intimidated’
Verb	‘chill’, ‘worry’	‘rag’, ‘brood’, ‘dismay’, ‘still’, ‘joy’, ‘gladden’, ‘disconcert’, ‘alarm’, ‘revolt’, ‘stew’, ‘amaze’, ‘grieve’, ‘disgust’, ‘stir up’, ‘exasperate’, ‘satisfy’, ‘exult’, ‘rejoice’	‘anticipate’, ‘fear’, ‘hope’, ‘stun’, ‘gravel’	‘cheer up’, ‘panic’, ‘nauseate’, ‘sicken’, ‘stir’, ‘anger’, ‘sulk’, ‘shame’, ‘revere’, ‘like’, ‘scare’, ‘envy’, ‘repel’, ‘horrify’, ‘cheer’, ‘congratulate’, ‘triumph’, ‘stupefy’, ‘love’, ‘reassure’, ‘stupify’, ‘pride’, ‘content’
Adverb	-	‘sadly’	-	‘hopelessly’, ‘surprisingly’, ‘disgustedly’, ‘resignedly’, ‘jealously’, ‘exuberantly’, ‘sorrowfully’, ‘hopefully’

After relabelling, there were 539 lexicons derived from the noun-synsets, 609 from the adjective-synsets, 298 from the verb-synsets and 207 from the adverb-synsets.

Re-Labelling Duplicates between Noun, Adjective, Verb and Adverb

After re-labeling multi-synset words, duplicates between the lexicons derived from noun-, adjective-, verb-, and adverb-synsets were considered.

First, merging noun and adjective synsets yielded 4 duplicates conveying identical, common, and equivocal emotions. Re-labeling these duplicates produced 1,144 lexicons. Next, merging with verb synsets identified 54 duplicates, mostly identical or common emotions, which were re-labeled to give 1,384 lexicons. Finally, merging with adverb synsets found just identical emotions. The final WordNet-Affect dictionary resulted in 1,588 unique lexicons after re-labeling all duplicates to resolve contradictory labels and consolidate identical or common emotions.

Note

^[1] According to Valitutti, Strapparava and Stock (2004), WordNet can be ‘described as a “lexical matrix” with two dimensions: a dimension for lexical relations - relations holding among words - and a dimension for conceptual/semantic relations - which hold among senses (the synsets)’ (see, p.67).

WordNet Relations include: Synonymy/Antonymy involves recognising word similarity/difference to build synsets representing meaning. Hyperonymy/Hyponymy represent ‘is-a’ relations between meanings, providing the organising principle for noun hierarchies and identifying coordinate terms (i.e The synset {apple tree} is-a hyponym of the synset {tree}, which in turn is-a hyponym of {plant}). Meronymy/Holonymy represent part-whole relations between synsets, including member-of (i.e {tree} is a member of {forest}), part-of (i.e {kitchen} is a part of {apartment}), and substance-of (i.e {hydrogen} is a substance of {water}) Entailment defines the verb hierarchy based on logical implications. Proposition P “entails” a proposition Q (i.e The synset {snore} implies the synset {sleep}). Troponymy is entailment between verbs (i.e The synset {walk} is a troponym of the synset {move}).

^[2] WordNet-Affect was influenced by three major theories of emotion representation: discrete theories viewing emotions as specific cognitive states (Elliot, 1992), basic emotion theories (Ekman, 1992), and dimensional theories (Ortony et al., 1987).

In particular, WordNet-Affect majorly drew on Ortony et al.’s (1987) multidimensional model involving eight categories: (i) Emotional terms (i.e ‘anger’); (ii) Non-emotional affective terms (i.e ‘mood’); (iii) Non-affective mental state terms (i.e ‘doubt); (iv) Personality traits (i.e ‘competitive’); (v) Behaviours (i.e ‘cry’); (vi) Attitudes (i.e ‘scepticism’); (vii) Physical or bodily states (i.e ‘pleasure’); and (viii) Feelings (i.e pleasure or pain)

^[3]

Nouns

Duplicates	Synsets	Elements	Sentiment
suspense	05583536	[‘suspense’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘anticipation’, ‘positive-expectation’, ‘positive-suspense’]
	05592642	[‘suspense’]	[‘apprehension’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-suspense’]
sorrow	05602279	[‘sorrow’, ‘regret’, ‘ruefulness’]	[‘sorrow’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘regret-sorrow’]
	05601413	[‘sorrow’]	[‘sorrow’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘lost-sorrow’]
tenderness	05615833	[‘tenderness’, ‘tenderheartedness’]	[‘compassion’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘tenderness’]
	05579029	[‘softheartedness’, ‘tenderness’]	[‘sympathy’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘positive-concern’, ‘liking’, ‘softheartedness’]
	05608483	[‘affection’, ‘affectionateness’, ‘fondness’, ‘tenderness’, ‘heart’, ‘warmheartedness’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘affection’]
pride	05599226	[‘pride’]	[‘joy’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘satisfaction’, ‘contentment’, ‘satisfaction-pride’]
	05581430	[‘pride’, ‘pridefulness’]	[‘joy’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘satisfaction’, ‘contentment’, ‘satisfaction-pride’]
languor	05563906	[‘languor’, ‘lassitude’, ‘listlessness’]	[‘neutral-emotion’, ‘apathy’, ‘neutral-languor’]
	05587782	[‘languor’, ‘dreaminess’]	[‘calmness’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘easiness’, ‘tranquillity’, ‘positive-languor’]
intimidation	05593389	[‘intimidation’]	[‘negative-fear’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘fear-intimidation’]
	05607353	[‘intimidation’]	[‘despair’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘discouragement’, ‘despair-intimidation’]
horror	05577970	[‘repugnance’, ‘repulsion’, ‘revulsion’, ‘horror’]	[‘disgust’, ‘general-dislike’, ‘dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘repugnance’]
	05591212	[‘horror’]	[‘negative-fear’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘horror’]
hope	05583906	[‘hope’]	[‘ambiguous-expectation’, ‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘ambiguous-hope’]
	05605928	[‘hope’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘positive-hope’]
glee	05597503	[‘hilarity’, ‘mirth’, ‘mirthfulness’, ‘glee’, ‘gleefulness’]	[‘joy’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘merriment’, ‘hilarity’]
	05599822	[‘gloat’, ‘gloating’, ‘glee’, ‘schadenfreude’]	[‘joy’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘satisfaction’, ‘contentment’, ‘gloat’]
gaiety	05584176	[‘gaiety’, ‘playfulness’]	[‘levity’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘playfulness’]
	05597371	[‘gaiety’, ‘merriment’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘merriment’]
indifference	05579322	[‘indifference’]	[‘neutral-emotion’, ‘neutral-unconcern’, ‘indifference’]
	05563705	[‘emotionlessness’, ‘impassivity’, ‘impassiveness’, ‘phlegm’, ‘indifference’, ‘stolidity’, ‘unemotionality’]	[‘neutral-emotion’, ‘apathy’, ‘emotionlessness’]
uneasiness	05580651	[‘self-consciousness’, ‘uneasiness’, ‘uncomfortableness’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘embarrassment’, ‘shame’, ‘self-consciousness’]
	05594446	[‘edginess’, ‘uneasiness’, ‘inquietude’, ‘disquietude’]	[‘anxiety’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘edginess’]
phlegm	05563705	[‘emotionlessness’, ‘impassivity’, ‘impassiveness’, ‘phlegm’, ‘indifference’, ‘stolidity’, ‘unemotionality’]	[‘neutral-emotion’, ‘apathy’, ‘emotionlessness’]
	05587152	[‘coolness’, ‘imperturbability’, ‘imperturbableness’, ‘phlegm’]	[‘calmness’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘coolness’]
concern	05578595	[‘concern’]	[‘sympathy’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘liking’, ‘positive-concern’]
	05594044	[‘concern’, ‘care’, ‘fear’]	[‘anxiety’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-concern’]
fear	05594044	[‘concern’, ‘care’, ‘fear’]	[‘anxiety’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-concern’]
	05590260	[‘fear’, ‘fearfulness’, ‘fright’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’]
chill	05591021	[‘frisson’, ‘shiver’, ‘chill’, ‘quiver’, ‘shudder’, ‘thrill’, ‘tingle’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘positive-fear’, ‘frisson’]
	05603115	[‘chill’, ‘pall’]	[‘apprehension’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘chill’]
thrill	05591021	[‘frisson’, ‘shiver’, ‘chill’, ‘quiver’, ‘shudder’, ‘thrill’, ‘tingle’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘positive-fear’, ‘frisson’]
	05596946	[‘bang’, ‘charge’, ‘rush’, ‘flush’, ‘thrill’, ‘kick’]	[‘joy’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘exhilaration’, ‘bang’]
awe	05591481	[‘reverence’, ‘awe’, ‘veneration’]	[‘ambiguous-fear’, ‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘reverence’]
	05582729	[‘awe’]	[‘wonder’, ‘astonishment’, ‘surprise’, ‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘awe’]
ardor & ardour	05608042	[‘ardor’, ‘ardour’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘love’, ‘love-ardor’]
	05616909	[‘ardor’, ‘ardour’, ‘elan’, ‘zeal’]	[‘enthusiasm’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘eagerness’, ‘enthusiasm-ardor’]
dismay	05607201	[‘discouragement’, ‘disheartenment’, ‘dismay’]	[‘despair’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘discouragement’]
	05590744	[‘alarm’, ‘dismay’, ‘consternation’]	[‘negative-fear’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘alarm’]
fondness	05573609	[‘fondness’, ‘fancy’, ‘partiality’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘liking’, ‘fondness’]
	05608483	[‘affection’, ‘affectionateness’, ‘fondness’, ‘tenderness’, ‘heart’, ‘warmheartedness’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘affection’]
warmheartedness	05609617	[‘warmheartedness’, ‘warmth’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘lovingness’, ‘love’, ‘warmheartedness’]
	05608483	[‘affection’, ‘affectionateness’, ‘fondness’, ‘tenderness’, ‘heart’, ‘warmheartedness’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘affection’]
admiration	05582577	[‘wonder’, ‘wonderment’, ‘admiration’]	[‘astonishment’, ‘surprise’, ‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘wonder’]
	05575841	[‘admiration’, ‘esteem’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘liking’, ‘admiration’]

Adjective

Duplicates	Synsets	Elements	Sentiment
misanthropic	02344950	[‘cynical’, ‘misanthropic’, ‘misanthropical’]	[‘pessimism’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘despair’, ‘cynicism’]
	01089513	[‘misanthropic’, ‘misanthropical’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘hate’, ‘misanthropy’]
hideous	01567385	[‘hideous’, ‘horrid’, ‘horrific’, ‘outrageous’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘horror’]
	00218804	[‘hideous’, ‘repulsive’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘dislike’, ‘disgust’, ‘repugnance’]
embarrassed	00497363	[‘abashed’, ‘chagrined’, ‘embarrassed’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘shame’, ‘embarrassment’]
	00448253	[‘discomfited’, ‘embarrassed’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘shame’, ‘embarrassment’]
	00156835	[‘embarrassed’, ‘humiliated’, ‘mortified’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘humility’]
depressing	01309194	[‘depressing’, ‘depressive’, ‘gloomy’, ‘saddening’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘melancholy’, ‘sadness’, ‘gloom’]
	00353838	[‘blue’, ‘dark’, ‘depressing’, ‘disconsolate’, ‘dismal’, ‘dispiriting’, ‘gloomy’, ‘grim’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘melancholy’, ‘sadness’, ‘gloom’]
vexing	00092842	[‘annoying’, ‘bothersome’, ‘galling’, ‘irritating’, ‘nettlesome’, ‘pesky’, ‘pestering’, ‘pestiferous’, ‘plaguy’, ‘plaguey’, ‘teasing’, ‘vexatious’, ‘vexing’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘anger’, ‘annoyance’]
	01737503	[‘exasperating’, ‘infuriating’, ‘maddening’, ‘vexing’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘anger’, ‘infuriation’]
forlorn	01179297	[‘forlorn’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘forlornness’]
	00997111	[‘desolate’, ‘forlorn’, ‘godforsaken’, ‘lorn’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘forlornness’]
frustrated	02222607	[‘defeated’, ‘disappointed’, ‘discomfited’, ‘foiled’, ‘frustrated’, ‘thwarted’]	[‘resignation’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘despair’, ‘defeatism’]
	00659470	[‘baffled’, ‘balked’, ‘discouraged’, ‘frustrated’]	[‘annoyance’, ‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘anger’, ‘frustration’]
misanthropical	02344950	[‘cynical’, ‘misanthropic’, ‘misanthropical’]	[‘pessimism’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘despair’, ‘cynicism’]
	01089513	[‘misanthropic’, ‘misanthropical’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘hate’, ‘misanthropy’]
blue	00669611	[‘blue’, ‘depressed’, ‘dispirited’, ‘down(p)’, ‘downcast’, ‘downhearted’, ‘low’, ‘low-spirited’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘downheartedness’]
	00353838	[‘blue’, ‘dark’, ‘depressing’, ‘disconsolate’, ‘dismal’, ‘dispiriting’, ‘gloomy’, ‘grim’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘melancholy’, ‘sadness’, ‘gloom’]
upset	01610144	[‘broken’, ‘confused’, ‘disordered’, ‘upset’]	[‘embarrassment’, ‘shame’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘confusion’]
	02338153	[‘disquieted’, ‘distressed’, ‘disturbed’, ‘upset’, ‘worried’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘anxiety’, ‘distress’]
amorous	01404786	[‘amatory’, ‘amorous’, ‘romantic’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘love’, ‘amorousness’]
	01404669	[‘amative’, ‘amorous’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘love’, ‘amorousness’]
discouraging	01706499	[‘discouraging’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘dislike’, ‘disapproval’]
	00825624	[‘discouraging’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘despair’, ‘discouragement’]
miserable	01000655	[‘hapless’, ‘miserable’, ‘misfortunate’, ‘pathetic’, ‘piteous’, ‘pitiable’, ‘pitiful’, ‘poor’, ‘wretched’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘misery’]
	01102092	[‘miserable’, ‘suffering’, ‘wretched’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘misery’]
	02235465	[‘deplorable’, ‘execrable’, ‘miserable’, ‘woeful’, ‘wretched’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘lost-sorrow’, ‘sorrow’, ‘mournfulness’, ‘woe’]
self-satisfied	00556568	[‘complacent’, ‘self-satisfied’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘satisfaction’, ‘contentment’, ‘joy’, ‘complacency’]
	00557191	[‘smug’, ‘self-satisfied’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘satisfaction’, ‘contentment’, ‘complacency’, ‘joy’, ‘smugness’]
hostile	01024648	[‘hostile’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘hate’, ‘hostility’]
	01193200	[‘hostile’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘hate’, ‘hostility’]
afraid	01240635	[‘afraid’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘dislike’, ‘antipathy’]
	00509796	[‘afraid’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘anxiety’, ‘distress’]
discouraged	01605795	[‘demoralized’, ‘discouraged’, ‘disheartened’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘despair’, ‘discouragement’]
	00659470	[‘baffled’, ‘balked’, ‘discouraged’, ‘frustrated’]	[‘annoyance’, ‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘anger’, ‘frustration’]
disgraceful	01486036	[‘disgraceful’, ‘scandalous’, ‘shameful’, ‘shocking’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘shame’]
	01176593	[‘black’, ‘disgraceful’, ‘ignominious’, ‘inglorious’, ‘opprobrious’, ‘shameful’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘shame’]
shamed	00156728	[‘discredited’, ‘disgraced’, ‘dishonored’, ‘shamed’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘shame’]
	00157147	[‘guilty’, ‘hangdog’, ‘shamefaced’, ‘shamed’]	[‘embarrassment’, ‘shame’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘shamefacedness’]
calming	00196824	[‘assuasive’, ‘calming’, ‘pacifying’, ‘soothing’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘calmness’]
	00196250	[‘calming’, ‘lulling’, ‘quietening’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘calmness’]
calm	01678759	[‘calm’, ‘serene’, ‘tranquil’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘calmness’]
	00495682	[‘calm’, ‘unagitated’]	[‘calmness’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘tranquillity’]
timid	00331296	[‘diffident’, ‘shy’, ‘timid’, ‘unsure’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘timidity’]
	00248123	[‘timid’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘timidity’]
hangdog	00157147	[‘guilty’, ‘hangdog’, ‘shamefaced’, ‘shamed’]	[‘embarrassment’, ‘shame’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘shamefacedness’]
	00082247	[‘browbeaten’, ‘bullied’, ‘cowed’, ‘hangdog’, ‘intimidated’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘fear-intimidation’]
woeful	02235465	[‘deplorable’, ‘execrable’, ‘miserable’, ‘woeful’, ‘wretched’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘lost-sorrow’, ‘sorrow’, ‘mournfulness’, ‘woe’]
	01313374	[‘woebegone’, ‘woeful’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘lost-sorrow’, ‘sorrow’, ‘mournfulness’, ‘woe’]
glad	00352106	[‘beaming’, ‘glad’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘gladness’]
	01098277	[‘glad’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘gladness’]
	01308059	[‘glad’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘gladness’]
contrite	01572491	[‘contrite’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘regret-sorrow’, ‘sadness’, ‘sorrow’, ‘attrition’]
	01681118	[‘contrite’, ‘remorseful’, ‘rueful’, ‘sorry’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘sorrow’, ‘regret-sorrow’]
satisfying	02002844	[‘comforting’, ‘cheering’, ‘satisfying’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘contentment’, ‘joy’, ‘satisfaction’]
	01944086	[‘appreciated’, ‘gratifying’, ‘pleasing’, ‘satisfying’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘contentment’, ‘joy’, ‘satisfaction’]
frightful	01079947	[‘fearful’, ‘frightful’, ‘terrible’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’]
	00193347	[‘atrocious’, ‘frightful’, ‘horrifying’, ‘horrible’, ‘ugly’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘horror’]
stupefying	01230203	[‘astonishing’, ‘astounding’, ‘staggering’, ‘stupefying’]	[‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘astonishment’, ‘surprise’, ‘stupefaction’]
	00195880	[‘stupefying’]	[‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘astonishment’, ‘surprise’, ‘stupefaction’]
elated	01313944	[‘elated’, ‘gleeful’, ‘joyful’, ‘jubilant’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’]
	00670286	[‘elated’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘elation’]
captivated	00824085	[‘beguiled’, ‘captivated’, ‘charmed’, ‘delighted’, ‘enthralled’, ‘entranced’]	[‘liking’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘captivation’]
	01405004	[‘captivated’, ‘charmed’]	[‘liking’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘captivation’]
shamefaced	00157147	[‘guilty’, ‘hangdog’, ‘shamefaced’, ‘shamed’]	[‘embarrassment’, ‘shame’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘shamefacedness’]
	00157347	[‘shamefaced’, ‘sheepish’]	[‘embarrassment’, ‘shame’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘shamefacedness’]
fearless	01415513	[‘doughty’, ‘fearless’, ‘hardy’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘fearlessness’]
	00084648	[‘unafraid(p)’, ‘fearless’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘fearlessness’]
dispiriting	00826026	[‘demoralizing’, ‘demoralising’, ‘disheartening’, ‘dispiriting’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘depression’, ‘demoralization’]
	00353838	[‘blue’, ‘dark’, ‘depressing’, ‘disconsolate’, ‘dismal’, ‘dispiriting’, ‘gloomy’, ‘grim’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘melancholy’, ‘sadness’, ‘gloom’]
dismal	00353838	[‘blue’, ‘dark’, ‘depressing’, ‘disconsolate’, ‘dismal’, ‘dispiriting’, ‘gloomy’, ‘grim’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘melancholy’, ‘sadness’, ‘gloom’]
	00354187	[‘dingy’, ‘dismal’, ‘drab’, ‘drear’, ‘dreary’, ‘gloomy’, ‘sorry’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘melancholy’, ‘sadness’, ‘gloom’]
distressed	02338153	[‘disquieted’, ‘distressed’, ‘disturbed’, ‘upset’, ‘worried’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘anxiety’, ‘distress’]
	00863871	[‘dysphoric’, ‘distressed’, ‘unhappy’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘depression’, ‘dysphoria’]
malevolent	00220990	[‘malefic’, ‘malevolent’, ‘malign’, ‘evil’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘malevolence’, ‘hate’, ‘maleficence’]
	00221675	[‘malevolent’, ‘malicious’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘malevolence’, ‘hate’, ‘malice’]
tranquil	01678759	[‘calm’, ‘serene’, ‘tranquil’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘calmness’]
	00298525	[‘placid’, ‘quiet’, ‘still’, ‘tranquil’, ‘unruffled’]	[‘calmness’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘placidity’]
shameful	01486036	[‘disgraceful’, ‘scandalous’, ‘shameful’, ‘shocking’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘shame’]
	01176593	[‘black’, ‘disgraceful’, ‘ignominious’, ‘inglorious’, ‘opprobrious’, ‘shameful’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘shame’]
wretched	01000655	[‘hapless’, ‘miserable’, ‘misfortunate’, ‘pathetic’, ‘piteous’, ‘pitiable’, ‘pitiful’, ‘poor’, ‘wretched’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘misery’]
	01102092	[‘miserable’, ‘suffering’, ‘wretched’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘misery’]
	02235465	[‘deplorable’, ‘execrable’, ‘miserable’, ‘woeful’, ‘wretched’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘lost-sorrow’, ‘sorrow’, ‘mournfulness’, ‘woe’]
oppressed	00828302	[‘laden’, ‘oppressed’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘depression’, ‘oppression’]
	02464962	[‘downtrodden’, ‘oppressed’, ‘persecuted’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘depression’, ‘oppression’]
awed	01943022	[‘awed’, ‘awestruck’, ‘awestricken’, ‘in awe of’]	[‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘wonder’, ‘astonishment’, ‘surprise’, ‘awe’]
	01940914	[‘awed’, ‘awful’]	[‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘wonder’, ‘astonishment’, ‘surprise’, ‘awe’]
tender	01404342	[‘affectionate’, ‘caring’, ‘fond’, ‘lovesome’, ‘tender’, ‘warm’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘compassion’, ‘tenderness’]
	02329048	[‘tender’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘compassion’, ‘tenderness’]
embarrassing	00711482	[‘awkward’, ‘embarrassing’, ‘sticky’, ‘unenviable’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘shame’, ‘embarrassment’]
	01731686	[‘embarrassing’, ‘mortifying’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘shame’, ‘embarrassment’]
loathsome	01566899	[‘disgusting’, ‘disgustful’, ‘distasteful’, ‘foul’, ‘loathly’, ‘loathsome’, ‘repellent’, ‘repellant’, ‘revolting’, ‘wicked’, ‘yucky’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘dislike’, ‘disgust’]
	02436303	[‘nauseating’, ‘nauseous’, ‘noisome’, ‘loathsome’, ‘offensive’, ‘sickening’, ‘vile’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘dislike’, ‘disgust’, ‘nausea’]
content(p)	00556147	[‘contented’, ‘content(p)’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘contentment’]
	00556743	[‘content(p)’, ‘happy’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘contentment’]
repulsive	00218804	[‘hideous’, ‘repulsive’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘dislike’, ‘disgust’, ‘repugnance’]
	01566364	[‘abhorrent’, ‘detestable’, ‘obscene’, ‘repugnant’, ‘repulsive’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘dislike’, ‘disgust’, ‘repugnance’]
merry	01314056	[‘gala(a)’, ‘gay’, ‘festal’, ‘festive’, ‘merry’]	[‘levity’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘playfulness’]
	01314288	[‘gay’, ‘jocund’, ‘jolly’, ‘jovial’, ‘merry’, ‘mirthful’]	[‘merriment’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘jollity’]
anxious	02337269	[‘anxious’, ‘nervous’, ‘uneasy’, ‘unquiet’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘anxiety’, ‘anxiousness’]
	00783553	[‘anxious’, ‘apprehensive’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘apprehension’]
cool	00843913	[‘cold’, ‘cool’]	[‘calmness’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘coolness’]
	01557310	[‘cool’]	[‘calmness’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘coolness’]
	02409574	[‘cool’]	[‘calmness’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘coolness’]
	00873404	[‘cool’]	[‘calmness’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘coolness’]
shy	00164569	[‘shy’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘timidity’, ‘shyness’]
	00331296	[‘diffident’, ‘shy’, ‘timid’, ‘unsure’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘timidity’]
exhilarating	00874095	[‘elating’, ‘exhilarating’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘elation’]
	01302744	[‘exhilarating’, ‘stimulating’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘exhilaration’]
sorry	01681118	[‘contrite’, ‘remorseful’, ‘rueful’, ‘sorry’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘sorrow’, ‘regret-sorrow’]
	00354187	[‘dingy’, ‘dismal’, ‘drab’, ‘drear’, ‘dreary’, ‘gloomy’, ‘sorry’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘melancholy’, ‘sadness’, ‘gloom’]
	01101631	[‘bad’, ‘sorry’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘sorrow’, ‘lost-sorrow’]
	00472844	[‘pitying’, ‘sorry’, ‘sorry for(p)’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘sorrow’, ‘lost-sorrow’]
	01102326	[‘regretful’, ‘sorry’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘sorrow’, ‘regret-sorrow’]
jubilant	01313944	[‘elated’, ‘gleeful’, ‘joyful’, ‘jubilant’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’]
	00670575	[‘exultant’, ‘exulting’, ‘jubilant’, ‘prideful’, ‘rejoicing’, ‘triumphal’, ‘triumphant’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘exultation’, ‘triumph’]
happy	00556743	[‘content(p)’, ‘happy’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘contentment’]
	00863471	[‘euphoric’, ‘happy’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘happiness’]
	01308490	[‘happy’, ‘pleased’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘happiness’]
	01099314	[‘happy’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘happiness’]
stunned	02246844	[‘amazed’, ‘astonied’, ‘astonished’, ‘astounded’, ‘stunned’]	[‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘surprise’, ‘astonishment’]
	00405649	[‘dazed’, ‘stunned’, ‘stupefied’, ‘stupid(p)’]	[‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘astonishment’, ‘surprise’, ‘stupefaction’]
charmed	00824085	[‘beguiled’, ‘captivated’, ‘charmed’, ‘delighted’, ‘enthralled’, ‘entranced’]	[‘liking’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘captivation’]
	01405004	[‘captivated’, ‘charmed’]	[‘liking’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘captivation’]
mortifying	01731686	[‘embarrassing’, ‘mortifying’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘shame’, ‘embarrassment’]
	00717242	[‘demeaning’, ‘humbling’, ‘humiliating’, ‘mortifying’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘humility’]
apprehensive	00783553	[‘anxious’, ‘apprehensive’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘apprehension’]
	00082090	[‘apprehensive’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘apprehension’]
unfriendly	01194979	[‘unfriendly’, ‘inimical’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘dislike’, ‘unfriendliness’]
	01024196	[‘unfriendly’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘dislike’, ‘unfriendliness’]
annoyed	02336957	[‘annoyed’, ‘harassed’, ‘harried’, ‘pestered’, ‘vexed’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘anger’, ‘annoyance’]
	01734180	[‘annoyed’, ‘irritated’, ‘nettled’, ‘peeved’, ‘pissed’, ‘riled’, ‘roiled’, ‘stung’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘anger’, ‘annoyance’]
discomfited	02222607	[‘defeated’, ‘disappointed’, ‘discomfited’, ‘foiled’, ‘frustrated’, ‘thwarted’]	[‘resignation’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘despair’, ‘defeatism’]
	00448253	[‘discomfited’, ‘embarrassed’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘shame’, ‘embarrassment’]
sad	01313226	[‘sad’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’]
	01101074	[‘unhappy’, ‘sad’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’]
	01308632	[‘sad’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’]
admirable	01735655	[‘admirable’]	[‘liking’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘admiration’]
	00859179	[‘admirable’]	[‘liking’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘admiration’]
nervous	02337269	[‘anxious’, ‘nervous’, ‘uneasy’, ‘unquiet’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘anxiety’, ‘anxiousness’]
	02290807	[‘edgy’, ‘high-strung’, ‘in suspense(p)’, ‘jittery’, ‘jumpy’, ‘nervous’, ‘nervy’, ‘overstrung’, ‘restive’, ‘uptight’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘anxiety’, ‘jitteriness’]
astonishing	01230203	[‘astonishing’, ‘astounding’, ‘staggering’, ‘stupefying’]	[‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘astonishment’, ‘surprise’, ‘stupefaction’]
	02248624	[‘amazing’, ‘astonishing’]	[‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘surprise’, ‘astonishment’]
compassionate	00472490	[‘compassionate’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘compassion’]
	01445379	[‘compassionate’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘compassion’]
sympathetic	00527965	[‘compatible’, ‘sympathetic’]	[‘liking’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘sympathy’, ‘compatibility’]
	01319150	[‘charitable’, ‘kindly’, ‘sympathetic’]	[‘liking’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘sympathy’]
	02263541	[‘sympathetic’]	[‘liking’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘sympathy’]
covetous	00031053	[‘avaricious’, ‘covetous’, ‘grabby’, ‘grasping’, ‘greedy’, ‘prehensile’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘resentment’, ‘envy’, ‘hostility’, ‘hate’, ‘covetousness’]
	00845237	[‘covetous’, ‘envious’, ‘jealous’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘resentment’, ‘envy’, ‘hostility’, ‘hate’, ‘jealousy’]
grim	00353838	[‘blue’, ‘dark’, ‘depressing’, ‘disconsolate’, ‘dismal’, ‘dispiriting’, ‘gloomy’, ‘grim’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘melancholy’, ‘sadness’, ‘gloom’]
	01179526	[‘gloomy’, ‘grim’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘melancholy’, ‘sadness’, ‘gloom’]
gay	01314056	[‘gala(a)’, ‘gay’, ‘festal’, ‘festive’, ‘merry’]	[‘levity’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘playfulness’]
	01314288	[‘gay’, ‘jocund’, ‘jolly’, ‘jovial’, ‘merry’, ‘mirthful’]	[‘merriment’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘jollity’]
	00353055	[‘cheery’, ‘gay’, ‘sunny’]	[‘levity’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘playfulness’]
gloomy	01309194	[‘depressing’, ‘depressive’, ‘gloomy’, ‘saddening’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘melancholy’, ‘sadness’, ‘gloom’]
	00353838	[‘blue’, ‘dark’, ‘depressing’, ‘disconsolate’, ‘dismal’, ‘dispiriting’, ‘gloomy’, ‘grim’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘melancholy’, ‘sadness’, ‘gloom’]
	00669950	[‘glum’, ‘gloomy’, ‘long-faced’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘melancholy’, ‘sadness’, ‘gloom’]
	00354187	[‘dingy’, ‘dismal’, ‘drab’, ‘drear’, ‘dreary’, ‘gloomy’, ‘sorry’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘melancholy’, ‘sadness’, ‘gloom’]
	01179526	[‘gloomy’, ‘grim’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘melancholy’, ‘sadness’, ‘gloom’]
	00271194	[‘glooming’, ‘gloomy’, ‘gloomful’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘melancholy’, ‘sadness’, ‘gloom’]
jealous	00845237	[‘covetous’, ‘envious’, ‘jealous’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘resentment’, ‘envy’, ‘hostility’, ‘hate’, ‘jealousy’]
	02345311	[‘jealous’, ‘green-eyed’, ‘overjealous’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘resentment’, ‘envy’, ‘hostility’, ‘hate’, ‘jealousy’]
mournful	01309360	[‘doleful’, ‘mournful’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘lost-sorrow’, ‘sorrow’, ‘mournfulness’]
	01313142	[‘mournful’, ‘plaintive’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘lost-sorrow’, ‘sorrow’, ‘mournfulness’, ‘plaintiveness’]
diffident	01916045	[‘diffident’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘timidity’, ‘diffidence’]
	00331296	[‘diffident’, ‘shy’, ‘timid’, ‘unsure’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘timidity’]
awful	01940914	[‘awed’, ‘awful’]	[‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘wonder’, ‘astonishment’, ‘surprise’, ‘awe’]
	00193648	[‘awful’, ‘dire’, ‘direful’, ‘dread(a)’, ‘dreaded’, ‘dreadful’, ‘fearful’, ‘fearsome’, ‘frightening’, ‘horrendous’, ‘horrific’, ‘terrible’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘horror’]
pensive	01309833	[‘pensive’, ‘wistful’]	[‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘pensiveness’]
	02301888	[‘brooding’, ‘broody’, ‘contemplative’, ‘meditative’, ‘musing’, ‘pensive’, ‘pondering’, ‘reflective’, ‘ruminative’]	[‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘pensiveness’]
caring	01404342	[‘affectionate’, ‘caring’, ‘fond’, ‘lovesome’, ‘tender’, ‘warm’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘compassion’, ‘tenderness’]
	02329300	[‘caring’, ‘protective’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘affection’, ‘protectiveness’]
stupefied	00405649	[‘dazed’, ‘stunned’, ‘stupefied’, ‘stupid(p)’]	[‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘astonishment’, ‘surprise’, ‘stupefaction’]
	02247311	[‘dumbfounded’, ‘dumfounded’, ‘flabbergasted’, ‘stupefied’, ‘thunderstruck’]	[‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘astonishment’, ‘surprise’, ‘stupefaction’]
joyful	01313944	[‘elated’, ‘gleeful’, ‘joyful’, ‘jubilant’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’]
	01100759	[‘joyful’, ‘joyous’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’]
	01310561	[‘joyful’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’]
horrific	01567385	[‘hideous’, ‘horrid’, ‘horrific’, ‘outrageous’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘horror’]
	00193648	[‘awful’, ‘dire’, ‘direful’, ‘dread(a)’, ‘dreaded’, ‘dreadful’, ‘fearful’, ‘fearsome’, ‘frightening’, ‘horrendous’, ‘horrific’, ‘terrible’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘horror’]
frightened	00083333	[‘panicky’, ‘panicked’, ‘panic-stricken’, ‘panic-struck’, ‘terrified’, ‘frightened’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘panic’]
	00082641	[‘frightened’, ‘scared’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘scare’]
alienated	01402839	[‘alienated’, ‘estranged’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘dislike’, ‘alienation’]
	01624115	[‘alienated’, ‘anomic’, ‘disoriented’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘dislike’, ‘alienation’]
terrible	01079947	[‘fearful’, ‘frightful’, ‘terrible’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’]
	00193648	[‘awful’, ‘dire’, ‘direful’, ‘dread(a)’, ‘dreaded’, ‘dreadful’, ‘fearful’, ‘fearsome’, ‘frightening’, ‘horrendous’, ‘horrific’, ‘terrible’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘horror’]
intimidated	00082247	[‘browbeaten’, ‘bullied’, ‘cowed’, ‘hangdog’, ‘intimidated’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘fear-intimidation’]
	00248975	[‘intimidated’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘fear-intimidation’]
apathetic	02170580	[‘apathetic’]	[‘neutral-emotion’, ‘apathy’]
	01289497	[‘apathetic’, ‘indifferent’]	[‘neutral-emotion’, ‘neutral-unconcern’, ‘indifference’]
fearful	00082515	[‘fearful’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’]
	01079947	[‘fearful’, ‘frightful’, ‘terrible’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’]
	00193648	[‘awful’, ‘dire’, ‘direful’, ‘dread(a)’, ‘dreaded’, ‘dreadful’, ‘fearful’, ‘fearsome’, ‘frightening’, ‘horrendous’, ‘horrific’, ‘terrible’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘horror’]
	00248776	[‘fearful’, ‘timorous’, ‘trepid’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘apprehension’, ‘trepidation’]
envious	00845237	[‘covetous’, ‘envious’, ‘jealous’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘resentment’, ‘envy’, ‘hostility’, ‘hate’, ‘jealousy’]
	02023897	[‘begrudging’, ‘envious’, ‘grudging’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘resentment’, ‘hostility’, ‘hate’, ‘envy’]
unhappy	00863871	[‘dysphoric’, ‘distressed’, ‘unhappy’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘depression’, ‘dysphoria’]
	01101074	[‘unhappy’, ‘sad’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’]

Verb

Duplicates	Synsets	Elements	Sentiment
cheer up	00582840	[‘cheer’, ‘cheer up’, ‘chirk up’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘cheerfulness’]
	00582994	[‘cheer’, ‘cheer up’, ‘jolly along’, ‘jolly up’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘cheerfulness’]
rag	01221002	[‘annoy’, ‘rag’, ‘get to’, ‘bother’, ‘get at’, ‘irritate’, ‘rile’, ‘nark’, ‘nettle’, ‘gravel’, ‘vex’, ‘devil’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘anger’, ‘annoyance’]
	01229968	[‘torment’, ‘rag’, ‘tantalize’, ‘bedevil’, ‘crucify’, ‘dun’, ‘frustrate’]	[‘annoyance’, ‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘anger’, ‘frustration’]
panic	01217082	[‘panic’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘panic’]
	01217265	[‘panic’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘panic’]
nauseate	01233868	[‘disgust’, ‘revolt’, ‘nauseate’, ‘sicken’, ‘churn up’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘dislike’, ‘disgust’, ‘nausea’]
	01502875	[‘sicken’, ‘nauseate’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘dislike’, ‘disgust’, ‘nausea’]
brood	00476269	[‘brood’, ‘worry’, ‘dwell’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘anxiety’, ‘distress’]
	01857366	[‘sulk’, ‘pout’, ‘brood’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘resentment’, ‘hostility’, ‘hate’, ‘sulkiness’]
	01231478	[‘sulk’, ‘grizzle’, ‘brood’, ‘stew’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘resentment’, ‘hostility’, ‘hate’, ‘sulkiness’]
dismay	01217571	[‘dismay’, ‘alarm’, ‘appal’, ‘appall’, ‘horrify’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘horror’]
	01238101	[‘depress’, ‘deject’, ‘cast down’, ‘get down’, ‘dismay’, ‘dispirit’, ‘demoralize’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘depression’]
still	01204371	[‘calm’, ‘calm down’, ‘quiet’, ‘tranquilize’, ‘tranquillize’, ‘quieten’, ‘lull’, ‘still’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘calmness’]
	01232553	[‘still’, ‘allay’, ‘relieve’, ‘ease’]	[‘calmness’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘tranquillity’, ‘easiness’]
sicken	01233868	[‘disgust’, ‘revolt’, ‘nauseate’, ‘sicken’, ‘churn up’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘dislike’, ‘disgust’, ‘nausea’]
	01502875	[‘sicken’, ‘nauseate’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘dislike’, ‘disgust’, ‘nausea’]
anticipate	01231091	[‘anticipate’, ‘look for’, ‘look to’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘positive-expectation’, ‘anticipation’]
	00487133	[‘expect’, ‘anticipate’]	[‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘ambiguous-expectation’]
joy	01237403	[‘gladden’, ‘joy’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’]
	01237680	[‘rejoice’, ‘joy’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘rejoicing’]
stir	01208417	[‘touch’, ‘stir’]	[‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘ambiguous-agitation’, ‘stir’]
	01202395	[‘stimulate’, ‘shake’, ‘shake up’, ‘excite’, ‘stir’]	[‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘ambiguous-agitation’, ‘stir’]
gladden	01237013	[‘gladden’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’, ‘gladness’]
	01237403	[‘gladden’, ‘joy’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘joy’]
anger	01220411	[‘anger’, ‘see red’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘anger’]
	01219920	[‘anger’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘anger’]
disconcert	01222619	[‘confuse’, ‘flurry’, ‘consternate’, ‘disconcert’, ‘put off’]	[‘embarrassment’, ‘shame’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘confusion’]
	01222254	[‘upset’, ‘discompose’, ‘untune’, ‘disconcert’, ‘discomfit’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘anxiety’, ‘discomfiture’]
sulk	01857366	[‘sulk’, ‘pout’, ‘brood’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘resentment’, ‘hostility’, ‘hate’, ‘sulkiness’]
	01231478	[‘sulk’, ‘grizzle’, ‘brood’, ‘stew’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘resentment’, ‘hostility’, ‘hate’, ‘sulkiness’]
shame	01223746	[‘shame’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘shame’]
	01709572	[‘shame’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘shame’]
fear	01215644	[‘fear’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’]
	01215760	[‘fear’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’]
	01215448	[‘fear’, ‘dread’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’]
	01215921	[‘fear’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’]
	01214306	[‘reverence’, ‘fear’, ‘revere’, ‘venerate’]	[‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘ambiguous-fear’, ‘reverence’]
alarm	00591365	[‘alarm’, ‘alert’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘alarm’]
	01217571	[‘dismay’, ‘alarm’, ‘appal’, ‘appall’, ‘horrify’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘horror’]
revere	01214144	[‘idolize’, ‘worship’, ‘hero-worship’, ‘revere’]	[‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘ambiguous-fear’, ‘reverence’]
	01214306	[‘reverence’, ‘fear’, ‘revere’, ‘venerate’]	[‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘ambiguous-fear’, ‘reverence’]
like	01213391	[‘like’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘liking’]
	01213205	[‘like’]	[‘positive-emotion’, ‘liking’]
scare	01219733	[‘daunt’, ‘dash’, ‘scare off’, ‘pall’, ‘frighten off’, ‘scare away’, ‘frighten away’, ‘scare’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘scare’]
	01214618	[‘frighten’, ‘fright’, ‘scare’, ‘affright’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘scare’]
envy	01246666	[‘envy’, ‘begrudge’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘resentment’, ‘hostility’, ‘hate’, ‘envy’]
	01246968	[‘envy’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘resentment’, ‘hostility’, ‘hate’, ‘envy’]
revolt	01233868	[‘disgust’, ‘revolt’, ‘nauseate’, ‘sicken’, ‘churn up’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘dislike’, ‘disgust’, ‘nausea’]
	01502738	[‘disgust’, ‘turn off’, ‘revolt’, ‘repel’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘dislike’, ‘disgust’, ‘repugnance’]
stew	01211054	[‘stew’, ‘grudge’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘resentment’, ‘hostility’, ‘hate’, ‘grudge’]
	01231478	[‘sulk’, ‘grizzle’, ‘brood’, ‘stew’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘resentment’, ‘hostility’, ‘hate’, ‘sulkiness’]
chill	01240960	[‘chill’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘negative-fear’, ‘apprehension’, ‘chill’]
	00258652	[‘cool’, ‘chill’, ‘cool down’]	[‘calmness’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘coolness’]
repel	01502738	[‘disgust’, ‘turn off’, ‘revolt’, ‘repel’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘dislike’, ‘disgust’, ‘repugnance’]
	01234179	[‘repel’, ‘repulse’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘dislike’, ‘disgust’, ‘repugnance’]

Adverb

Duplicates	Synsets	Elements	Sentiment
hopelessly	00312487	[‘dispiritedly’, ‘hopelessly’]	[‘despair’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘hopelessness’]
	00197005	[‘hopelessly’]	[‘despair’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘hopelessness’]
surprisingly	00209555	[‘amazingly’, ‘surprisingly’, ‘astonishingly’]	[‘astonishment’, ‘surprise’, ‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘surprise’]
	00141302	[‘surprisingly’]	[‘astonishment’, ‘surprise’, ‘ambiguous-emotion’, ‘surprise’]
disgustedly	00308582	[‘disgustedly’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘disgust’]
	00308724	[‘disgustedly’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘dislike’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘disgust’]
resignedly	00259750	[‘abjectly’, ‘resignedly’]	[‘despair’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘resignation’]
	00435962	[‘resignedly’]	[‘despair’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘resignation’]
jealously	00297720	[‘enviously’, ‘covetously’, ‘jealously’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘hostility’, ‘resentment’, ‘hate’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘envy’, ‘jealousy’]
	00378612	[‘jealously’]	[‘general-dislike’, ‘hostility’, ‘resentment’, ‘hate’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘envy’, ‘jealousy’]
exuberantly	00319405	[‘ebulliently’, ‘exuberantly’, ‘expansively’]	[‘enthusiasm’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘exuberance’]
	00330011	[‘exuberantly’, ‘riotously’]	[‘enthusiasm’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘exuberance’]
sorrowfully	00315910	[‘dolefully’, ‘sorrowfully’]	[‘sorrow’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘regret-sorrow’]
	00455379	[‘sorrowfully’]	[‘sorrow’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘regret-sorrow’]
sadly	00090468	[‘deplorably’, ‘lamentably’, ‘sadly’, ‘woefully’]	[‘sorrow’, ‘lost-sorrow’, ‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’, ‘mournfulness’, ‘woe’]
	00399051	[‘sadly’]	[‘negative-emotion’, ‘sadness’]
hopefully	00196759	[‘hopefully’]	[‘positive-hope’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘hopefulness’]
	00196856	[‘hopefully’]	[‘positive-hope’, ‘positive-emotion’, ‘hopefulness’]